Source:TeamBlockchain

Blockchain technology is impacting a wide variety of organisations globally and notably changing the way business is carried out. Deloitte undertook Global Blockchain Survey in 2019 in which 53% of responding firms reported that “Blockchain has become a critical priority for their organisations (up 10 points from the prior year), and 83 percent see compelling uses for blockchain”. Therefore, accountants need to have a thorough understanding about the technology and digital assets which can be created. The initial Blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, were public Blockchains presenting challenges around data privacy i.e. Europe’s GDPR (the right to be forgotten) and not being interoperable. However, Blockchain technology continues to develop, and private Blockchains (restricting those who have access to them) is proving to be a reassuringly effective way to address some of the challenges.

The application of Blockchain-powered platforms with other technology, such as AI and machine learning, ought to enable accountants to focus on risks facing a business as well as planning and valuation, rather than recordkeeping. These technologies afford the opportunity to reduce the costs of maintaining and reconciling accounts together with providing certainty over the ownership and history of assets. Equally, the use of smart contracts in conjunction with digital currencies will enable many payments to be made automatically and monies to be received faster and cheaper. These technologies also provide the ability to relieve the overheads, plus the time and aggravations of the accounts payable (AP) and accounts receivable (AR) processes. Increasingly, companies and well-known organisations (such as Wikipedia, Microsoft and KFC) are now accepting payments in cryptocurrencies. Likewise, there are solutions offering the use of digital assets to make international payments, such as IBM’s World Wire employing the Stella Blockchain. The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) believes, “Blockchain is a replacement for bookkeeping and reconciliation work. This could threaten the work of accountants in those areas, while adding strength to those focused on providing value elsewhere. For example, in due diligence in mergers and acquisitions, distributed consensus over key figures allows more time to be spent on judgemental areas and advice, and an overall faster process”.

Price of West Texas Crude oil

Source: Revinitiv

Essentially a crude oil TAS trade is where you agree, at a given point during the day, to buy or sell oil futures at that day’s closing price, plus or minus a cent or two. For example, at 09.30 you agree to sell oil at 14:30, at whatever the settlement price is at that time. If you agree up to sell oil futures at the still-unknown settlement price, there has to be a counter party agreeing to buy the oil futures you’re selling. Such counterparties could be hedge fund managers, market makers or prop desks at banks i.e. professional investors who are looking to trade almost anything at what they see as price anomalies. The counterparties’ motive is to trade, not to actually buy (in this case) oil futures at the close of the day’s trading, thus they will use the TAS mechanism, while selling the same number of futures at around the settlement time – 14.30. 

On 20th April Bloomberg reported, “that a number of Vega traders sold the May contract just before it settled at 2.30 p.m. New York time, netting massive gains”. Was Vega manipulating oil futures (otherwise called ‘banging the close’) or hedging i.e. selling futures given the brouhaha due to Covid-19 and the fear that the demand for oil would plummet? 

It is hard to hide making $500 million in a day and Vega has now come to the attention of regulators in the US and the UK. Furthermore, it is not difficult to see why the market is somewhat perplexed as to how one of the most liquid and most widely traded commodities in the world, oil, could possibly be priced at -$37.63?

There are regulations to prohibit trading that have the objective of deliberately impacting on prices, that is, manipulation. There have been a number of incidences where ‘banging the close’ aka allegations of manipulating market prices close to when a market price is fixed. Indeed, a former FX trader was teaching people the pitfalls for others to be aware of back in 2014.The challenge is proving that prices have been manipulated and someone has been ‘banging the close’. You need evidence, which is a difficult unless there is a whistle-blower or a trail of incriminating emails/text message etc. However, according to Bloomberg; “Now regulators at the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the U.K.’s Financial Conduct Authority, and CME Group Inc., owner of the Nymex exchange where the trading took place, are examining whether Vega’s actions may have breached rules on trading around settlement periods and contributed to oil’s precipitous fall.” 

Technology could enable regulators to identify and detect ‘banging the trade’ much faster as a combination of machine learning and smart contracts could help alert regulators as trades are occurring. If all the trades were recorded on a Blockchain platform, which all parties could have access to in real time, Vega and its trades could easily be identified to regulators while retaining anonymity within the market. A small, all be it regulated, firm such as Vega probably would not conduct this degree of trading, so what it did could be alerted and questioned via smart contracts. Many of the old systems and platforms that financial markets rely on were derived in the days of paper-based analogue trading. However, the increased sophistication of traders, flash trading and an increasing digital economy means regulators need the tools and monitoring ability to keep up with practitioners. Thus, it is of no surprise that technologies such as Blockchain, AI and Machine Learning are seen as being able to help bring greater transparency and stronger compliance and risk controls, which in turn will hopefully engender greater confidence and trust.