Seven ways Blockchain can help the environment

Source: Future Thinkers

The website, Future Thinkers, cites seven ways in which Blockchain technology is able to help improve our environment, and we have also given examples of various organisations in each category:

• Supply Chains - Provenance

• Recycling - Plastic bank

• Energy - Lo3nergy

• Environmental Treaties - Dr. Mike Troilo talks about Blockchain Technology and Sustainable Development

• Non-Profits - Charity digital

• Carbon Tax - IBM Blockchain Labs

• Changing Incentives - Smart key

Adelyn Zhou, from ChainLinks labs, recently wrote an article in an WEF publication explaining how smart contracts could help fight climate change and cope with its impact, giving three examples: 

i) Regenerative agriculture - incentivise communities around the world to reduce their carbon footprints through more sustainable land-use practices (usually a combination of planting trees and conservation) an example being, the Green World Campaign in collaboration with Cornell University’s Initiative for Cryptocurrencies and Contracts (IC3).

How smart contracts technology incentivises regenerative agricultural practices

Source: Chainlink Labs

ii) Conscious consumption - smart contracts can also empower environmentally conscious individuals and organisations. As an example, Blockchain-powered energy grids such as the Brooklyn Microgrid Project are using smart contracts to give consumers the ability to produce and trade solar electricity with their neighbours through an exchange which uses a blockchain as a coordination mechanism. 

iii) Hedging risk with crop insurance - farmers across the globe (the vast majority of whom are entirely uninsured) are especially vulnerable to changes in weather patterns, be it rainfall, drought, wind, and more. It is believed that 75% of agricultural risks remain uninsured, which has encouraged companies such as  Arbol and Etherisc to offer smart contract-powered crop insurance to farmers across the world.

It is not only the World Economic Forum that is supportive of Blockchain technology, but also the United Nations (UN): “The UN believes that blockchain, the technology lying behind these online currencies, could be of great benefit to those fighting the climate crisis, and help bring about a more sustainable global economy”. The UN has practical experience of working with blockchain projects, having been rolling out its Building Blocks in different countries. Building Blocks enables the UN to distribute money to refugees - directly, securely and quickly - without the need to go through a local bank. It has been successfully deployed in refugee camps in Jordan, enabling the UN to create an accurate on-line record of who has received what, and when. It is thought by the authors of a report commissioned by the UN environment agency, UNEP, that Blockchain technology could also improve the livelihoods of waste pickers, who eke out a living in the informal economy.

Looking back at 2017 and 2018, there was so much hope and promise as to how Blockchain technology could help the 1.8 billion unbanked globally as well as being a force for good to help improve our environment creating a cleaner, fairer economy by breaking down many of the existing ways of doing business. It is encouraging to see from some of the above examples it really would seem that the hopes and dreams of some of the early adopters and enthusiasts behind Blockchain technology are beginning to gather tangible evidence of how this technology is able to make a palpable difference!

DeFi enables owners of cryptocurrencies to earn interest and allows one to borrow, lend and buy insurance, or just speculatively trade. In effect, DeFi aims to offer owners of cryptocurrencies a range of services in a decentralised manner - typically offered by traditional financial markets which rely on centralised exchanges and clearing houses. Gartner believes that DeFi has 2 to 5 years before it reaches a plateau of productivity i.e., when the technology starts to enjoy mainstream adoption which, in reality, is not very long for a technology that could shake the foundations of the financial services sector.

       Hype cycle for Blockchain - July 2021

Source: Gartner.com

Meanwhile, by using smart contracts DeFi is looking ‘strip out’ much of the friction costs that accumulate due to the necessity of dealing with multiple intermediaries together with the need for audits and checks, regulatory compliance monitoring, and associated fees and costs - all of which stifle many existing traditional financial services today. Notably, Harvard Business Review cites a comparison between Yield Farming versus Foreign Currency Carry Trading: “The search for passive returns on crypto assets - “yield farming” - is already taking shape on a number of new lending platforms. Compound Labs has launched one of the biggest DeFi lending platforms, where users can now borrow and lend any cryptocurrency on a short-term basis at algorithmically determined rates. A prototypical yield farmer moves assets around pools on Compound, constantly chasing the pool offering the highest annual percentage yield (APY). Practically, it echoes a strategy in traditional finance - a foreign currency carry trade - where a trader seeks to borrow the currency charging a lower interest rate and lend the one offering a higher return. Crypto yield farming, however, offers more incentives. For instance, by depositing stablecoins into a digital account, investors would be rewarded in at least two ways. First, they receive the APY on their deposits. Second, and more importantly, certain protocols offer an additional subsidy, in the form of a new token, on top of the yield that it charges the borrower and pays to the lender”.

Interest in using DeFi lending has certainly increased as more people access pools of borrowing facilities, whether they be holders of Digital Assets looking to generate a yield on the Digital Assets they own or borrowers wishing to increase their exposure to this asset class. Forbes has described DeFi lending as: “Unlike with a traditional bank, borrowers using DeFi apps cannot be held accountable with physical assets if unable to effectively pay back a loan. DeFi applications are similar to smartphone applications, but they built with smart contracts”. CoinmarketCap, which tracks cryptocurrency prices in real-time, lists a variety of other lenders and DeFis apps where yield farming returns vary from 0.2% p.a to over 40%.

The three largest DeFi app lenders - Aave, Compound and MakerDao

Source: Dune Analytics @hagaetc

In turn, Harvard Business Review has proposed that: “DeFi offers a less volatile and more accessible point of entry than other markets - and may just have enough appeal to bring blockchain into the mainstream.” Should this prophetic statement be shown to be true, it is easy to understand, therefore, why DeFi could prove to be so attractive - not just for borrows and lenders, but so very disruptive for other sectors in the financial services industry. A combination of greater transparency, afforded by using Blockchain technology, and using smart contracts to eliminate human error ought to lead to more robust systems and procedures from which regulators, investors and service providers can benefit. The losers potentially will be the intermediaries, auditors, lawyers and compliance consulting firms which are currently so prevalent in the financial services sector. It is indeed a powerful and alluring prospect that DeFi offers the potential for lower transaction costs, greater transparency (so enhanced trust) and a more robust compliance infrastructure. If this proves to be the case and DeFi is, indeed, able to handle large volumes of transactions, then traditional financial services firms are likely to adopt this lower risk and alternative way of doing business or be forced to do so by regulators. 

One of the challenges that DeFi faces is that currently many of the DeFi services are built on the Ethereum blockchain and the price of transactions (gas fees) can mean that the costs outweigh the benefits. Ethereum is attempting to address the gas fees but for now DeFi is very reliant on Ethereum - so expect to see other DeFi platforms being created using other blockchains. Mathew McDermott, head of Digital Assets at Goldman Sachs, recently stated: “In the next five to 10 years, you could see a financial system where all assets and liabilities are native to a blockchain, with all transactions natively happening on chain. So, what you’re doing today in the physical world, you just do digitally, creating huge efficiencies. And that can be debt issuances, securitization, loan origination; essentially, you’ll have a digital financial markets ecosystem, the options are pretty vast.”

However, surely for mainstream adoption, regulators will search for some degree of accountability in the event of hacks or a DeFi app not delivering what has been promised. One possible solution is we could see regulators turning to the blockchain providers, such as Ethereum, and have them essentially act as gate keepers to vet the organisations which use their blockchains and build DeFi apps. Could we see Ethereum and other blockchains establishing some type of investor compensation scheme and furthermore the DeFi platforms (which run on their blockchains) be granted regulatory approval? Alternatively, will we see some traditional exchanges such as NASADAQ or the London Stock Exchange offer DeFi platforms, so regulators have a known entity to hold accountable? When asked for her thoughts, Dr Jane Thomason, from Novum Insights (a firm that specialises in analysing DeFi assets), responded: “"DeFi investors can lose money because activities are not regulated, moderated, intermediated, hosted or validated by a central authority, only driven by smart contracts. If the smart contract malfunctions, is hacked, or otherwise has a problem, there is no recourse. Who and what gets regulated? It’s a global 24/7, borderless market. Regulators need to get their thinking caps on and learn to audit code! This is a whole new ball game.”

The balance between totally decentralised systems and procedures where it may be difficult to hold an entity accountable in a particular jurisdiction (and so be able to recompense and protect investors) will need to be addressed. Increasingly, as our societies and lifestyles become more on-line and digital it is likely to present greater logistical challenges for regulators and governments to afford investor protection. What will not alter and may potentially be even more relevant surely is:

“Caveat emptor”

Let the buyer beware